The purpose of this paper, which has been accomplished through the documentary method, is to provide a checklist of the criteria for evaluating electronic specialized indexes. For this purpose, the printed and electronic texts that have been evaluated for the indexes have been studied and the criteria that have been scattered in various texts regarding the evaluation of the indexes have been identified and collected. In addition, some of the criteria were directly identified by referencing and reviewing the indexes. In this way, based on the criteria for which dimensions and capabilities of the indexes are considered, they are all categorized into eight classes, and finally, a checklist of the criteria for evaluating the specialized e-indexes was presented.

The body of interdisciplinary research has become much rigorous during the last three decades, and a large number of theses, articles, books, and even several interdisciplinary journals are published in various fields, including information and knowledge science. There is also a considerable tendency among universities to launch interdisciplinary courses and also among Iranian researchers for interdisciplinary studies. Now, doing a thesis with an interdisciplinary approach is a kind of innovation and an academic privilege. However, many researchers, supervisors, graduate students, and reviewers of articles or research projects are not aware of the requirements and frameworks of interdisciplinary research and, as a result, unaware of the methods of evaluating such studies. Compared to the existence of books and articles related to the evaluation of interdisciplinary studies in English language that present various frameworks and methods, we lack examples in Persian language in this field. In this article, by reviewing some related articles and books, a specific framework and criteria for evaluating interdisciplinary research based on the main and conventional parts of a research article are introduced. According to this, sections such as the title, abstract, keywords, theoretical foundations, objectives, statement of the problem, questions or hypotheses, research background, methodology, findings, conclusions, and cited sources can be evaluated based on criteria. This would be helpful to identify concrete examples to check the extent of researchers' attention to interdisciplinary frameworks and approaches. The frameworks and criteria introduced in this article are useful for researchers, supervisors, students and reviewers of theses or scientific articles, including the field of information and knowledge sciences.

Environmental evaluation methodologies are applied for the identification and aggregation of environmental impacts as well as the evaluation of alternatives in environmental impact assessment (EIA). In this study, spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) technique was used for environmental impacts and alternatives evaluation. This technique is used in geographical information system (GIS) and it enables GIS in decision making and alternatives evaluation spatially. The aim of this research was a feasible study of GIS application to the environmental impact evaluation by SMCE technique. The evaluation method in SMCE is based on Multi-criteria Analysis. For this study, environmental assessment of a land use plan was considered. Two alternatives were assessed for the environmental impacts and alternatives evaluation: land use plan alternative (Alternative 1) and non-action alternative (Alternative 2). In non-action alternative, region development is based on any designed plan. The most important result of this study was the possibility of environmental impacts and alternatives evaluations in GIS. SMCE has had suitable abilities in environmental impact evaluation. Therefore, GIS could evaluate alternatives in EIA, the action that was impossible in the past. SMCE advantages are such as quantitative present of impact magnitude, aggregation of data layers, quantitative and computerized methods for data layer standardization, ability in weighing impacts by quantitative and qualitative approaches, evaluating many numbers alternatives and considering different weights for impacts and categories of environment. It is possible that SMCE presents desirability of development plan visually. For this presentation, Composite index map was demonstrated by SMCE-ILWIS.

A B S T R A C T Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city Extended Abstract Introduction Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. A “Green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green cities constantly try to manage their environmental effects by reducing waste, increasing recycling, reducing air pollution, increasing population density, developing open urban spaces, and encouraging the development of sustainable local businesses. Green cities were first used to evaluate 30 European cities by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) in 2009 with the financial support of Siemens and the aim of reducing the environmental effects of human activities in cities. In that study, eight indices of carbon dioxide, energy, construction, transportation, water, recycling and land use, air quality, and environmental governance were used. Later, the Economist Intelligence Unit, with the financial support of Siemens, evaluated the status of the green city index in 17 Latin American cities, 15 African cities, 22 major Asian cities, and 27 cities in United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In recent years, even some Western Islamic scholars have, in various publications, shown that Islam is an ecological religion. In Iran, the issue of protecting the environment has not received much attention regardless of its rich cultural and religious background and its confirmation in Article 50 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mashhad is the second metropolis of Iran, located in North-East of Iran, and is one of the counties of Khorasan Razavi Province. According to the 2016 Iranian Population and Housing Census, its population was 3057679 people (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality). In Mashhad, due to several reasons including the presence of Imam Reza Shrine (PBUH) and arrival of millions of pilgrims per year, population growth, increased garbage production (production of 896534 tons of garbage in 2016 (The Vice-Presidency of Planning and Development of Mashhad Municipality), air pollution (increased number of unhealthy days from 46 days per year in 2015 to 88 days in 2016 for sensitive groups and 4 days of unhealthy air for all groups in 2016 (Center for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants of Mashhad Municipality) the 2025 vision of the city has paid attention to the environment in the form of five general objectives; however, just like the national level, no specific pattern for environmentally-compatible urban development, such as green city, is determined. Analysis of the green city index in Mashhad metropolis can considerably contribute to urban managers and planners in addition to providing a pattern for evaluating the present situation in other cities of Iran and improving the quality of life regardless of the current status of the urban environment in Iranian cities; we can preserve these environments as parts of the natural environment for future generations.   Methodology In terms of its goal, the present study is an applied one; in the study, drawing upon other studies and library sources and considering the conditions of Iran and the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city, 14 quantitative indices were exerted. To this end, the required data for the quantitative indices was gathered by library research from the relevant institutions. Next, the weights of quantitative indices were determined using Shannon's entropy. Then, using the VIKOR method of multi-criteria decision-making, the status of various districts of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of quantitative indices of green city was determined. Finally, the map of the spatial distribution of quantitative indices was drawn using the ARC GIS software package.   Results and discussion In this study, to analyze the status of the metropolis of Mashhad in terms of green city features, 14 quantitative indices were used. Considering the value of the VIKOR index ranges from 0 to 1, various districts of Mashhad can be classified into five categories; very satisfactory, satisfactory, average, unsatisfactory, and very unsatisfactory in terms of quantitative indices of green city. The results of the current situation of Mashhad showed that in terms of objective indicators of the green city, District 9 of Mashhad metropolis with a value of VIKOR index of 0.056 is in first place, and the seventh region with a value of VIKOR index of 0.433 is in second place. Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city.   Conclusion Similarly, the results of studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) on Tehran metropolis are indicative of the unsatisfactory situation of Tehran (the biggest metropolis of Iran) in terms of green city features. Comparing the results of the studies by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017) with the present study on Mashhad (the second biggest metropolis of Iran) reveals the necessity for a comprehensive plan toward achieving green cities. It should be mentioned that, due to the specific conditions of Mashhad metropolis and availability or unavailability of the required data, the indices used in the present study are somewhat different from the ones used by Afshar (2011) and Shabani et al. (2017).   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.     Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific

Any scientific activity or instrumental application involving façades—such as research, design, evaluation, and decision-making—requires a comprehensive set of criteria to cover all expected requirements. This highlights the necessity of a study to explore, gather, and organize a holistic set of criteria for the evaluation, study, design, and decision-making regarding façades. Moreover, establishing a comprehensive list of criteria is essential but insufficient on its own. It is equally important to achieve a mutual understanding of these criteria, providing experts and researchers with a common language and understanding regarding façades. Although various criteria have been mentioned in different façade-related research, a summary study to gather, organize, and reliably define these criteria is needed to improve the logical applications of façades and facilitate mutual understanding. This study aims to take the first step in meeting this requirement by describing each criterion relevant to façade assessment. In this context, a systematic library-based research approach was employed, reviewing 71 related papers. criteria were then extracted using an exploratory study based on open and axial coding methods. Ultimately, 42 criteria were identified and organized into five primary categories: environmental aspects, social impacts, economic aspects, efficiency and effectiveness, and technical aspects.

Islamic Sharia has established a rule named " gharar " in order to back up and guarantee transactions and prevent loss or conflicts among those involved. This rule helps each trader or investor feel secure when entering into the transaction. The survey of religious books shows that there are different views about gharar criteria. Since financial markets face growing risks and uncertainty, providing clear criteria for gharar can prevent people from entering into transactions with unacceptable risks or the ones considered to be void. The concept of gharar is a challenging one due to its various definitions and criteria presented by jurists. Some of these have pointed out ignorance in a contract and others have focused on the ignorance which leads to danger or risk. This study used descriptive and analytical methods to offer both the literal and technical definition of gharar together with its criteria in new transactions. It has also categorized the opinions of jurists and planned an interview with contemporary jurisprudents. The aim is to provide a clear benchmark for distinguishing between gharar in new transactions and those with high risks.